{"id":4366,"date":"2021-08-31T16:47:18","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T19:47:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museudofutebol.org.br\/teste\/?page_id=4366"},"modified":"2021-08-31T16:48:32","modified_gmt":"2021-08-31T19:48:32","slug":"timeline-black-people-movement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/museudofutebol.org.br\/teste\/en\/timeline-black-people-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Timeline | Black People Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\"\"<\/p>\n

The space of the exhibition Reaction Time \u2013 100th birthday of goalkeeper Barbosa<\/strong> presents a summarized timeline of the main milestones of the black movement and the anti-racist struggle in Brazil and in the world. Here you have access to the complete survey:\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

1837 |<\/strong> First education law prohibits blacks from going to school<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1850 |<\/strong> The Land Act stipulates that blacks cannot own property<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1871 |<\/strong> Free Birth Law<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

End of the 19th century |<\/strong> Brazilian intellectual and political elite influenced by pseudoscientific theories of social Darwinism and eugenics; defense of European immigration policies<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1885 |<\/strong> Sexagenarian Law<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1888 |<\/strong> The Golden Law (formally) decrees the end of enslavement throughout Brazil, without providing for the right to own land. In all, there were 388 years of slavery regime legally supported by the state<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1890 |<\/strong> The Loitering and Capoeira Law allows the arrest of people who wandered the streets without work or proven residence (what about freedom? What color were the people incarcerated at that time? Who still makes up the majority of the country’s prison population today?)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1903 |<\/strong> Publication of \u201cThe Souls of Black Folk\u201d by W.E.B. Du Bois, which describes the experience of being an African-American in the United States<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1910-1920 |<\/strong> Strengthening of the black press in Brazil<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1910 |<\/strong> Jo\u00e3o C\u00e2ndido, the Black Admiral, leads the Revolta da Esquadra or Revolta da\u00a0Chibata, putting an end to the corporal punishment practiced against sailors<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1911 |<\/strong> Jo\u00e3o Baptista de Lacerda, at the Universal Congress of Races, in London, defends miscegenation as a positive factor and the thesis of whitening the Brazilian population<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1914 |<\/strong> The first union organization dedicated to the cause of black people appears in Campinas, with an expressive and determining role for black women<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1915 |<\/strong> Foundation of the Menelick newspaper, the first periodic in S\u00e3o Paulo aimed at disseminating the black culture and defending the interests of the Afro-descendant population<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1920s |<\/strong> Harlem Renaissance, movement that disseminated “black culture” in large European and US cities seeking to “exorcise” widespread stereotypes and prejudices against blacks in the social imaginary<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1931 |<\/strong> Foundation of the Frente Negra\u00a0Brasileira, an entity representing the desires and aspirations of the black population of the time. It played a role that the State did not take in relation to black people (school, health and social assistance). It had a remarkable political role.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1932 |<\/strong> The Social Culture Black Club was created in S\u00e3o Paulo<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1933 |<\/strong> Publication of the book \u201cThe Masters and the Slaves\u201d, by Gilberto Freyre, main intellectual mentor of the ideology of racial democracy in Brazil<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1934 |<\/strong> Movement N\u00e9gritude (France) that broke up with the cultural pattern imposed by the white colonization and brought identity, loyalty and solidarity among all the \u201cbrothers of color\u201d of the black diaspora.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1934 |<\/strong> Earning the right to vote<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1934-1937 |<\/strong> Antonieta de Barros, first black woman to assume a political mandate in the country (Santa Catarina)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1942 |<\/strong> Donald Pierson’s thesis and the foundation of race relations studies in Brazil<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1944 |<\/strong> Abdias do Nascimento founded the Teatro Experimental do Negro, which opened up the Brazilian scenic arts to black actors and actresses, and represented a front of struggle and a cultural hub that aimed at the cultural liberation of black people<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1945 |<\/strong> 1st National Convention of the Brazilian Black, which claimed that the new Constitution\u00a0shouldmake\u00a0explicit the ethnic origin of the Brazilian people, define racism as a crime against the\u00a0countryand\u00a0punish its practice as a crime, also demanding positive policies of racial equality (scholarships and tax incentives)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1948 |<\/strong> Universal Declaration of Human Rights, whose 2nd article guarantees rights and freedoms established in the declaration to all without distinction of any kind<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1949-1950 |<\/strong> Arthur Ramos and the UNESCO Project: the idea of Brazilian racial democracy internationally propagated: Brazil, racial paradise in the world?<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1950 |<\/strong> 1st Congress of the Brazilian Black People insisted on the principle of racial equality policies and, being popular in nature, did not treat black people as “a simple object of research”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1951 |<\/strong> Afonso Arinos Law, the first anti-racist law in Brazil: acts resulting from racial or color prejudice constitute a criminal misdemeanor\/establishes a year in prison or a fine<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1954 |<\/strong> Brown vs. Board of Education: US Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public institutions in the country unconstitutional. The decision had little effectiveness and did not define how the desegregation would occur<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1955 |<\/strong> Montgomery bus boycott: Rosa Parks (NAACP) refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, is arrested and her action becomes the trigger for other boycotts, being a milestone in the anti-segregation struggle<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1958 |<\/strong> ILO Convention 111: imposes on member countries the duty to enact laws to prevent discrimination based on color in regards of employment and occupation<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1958 |<\/strong> French Constitution guarantees equality to all citizens, without distinction of origin, race or religion, as well as respect for all beliefs<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1960 |<\/strong> Canada Bill of Rights: Prohibits discrimination based on race, nationality, color, religion or gender<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1961 |<\/strong> First use of the term \u201caffirmative action\u201d when establishing the Commission for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States. It was aimed at fighting the damage caused by the segregationist laws that were in force between 1896 and 1954<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1963 |<\/strong> Washington March for Jobs and Freedom, with 250,000 people. Speech \u201cI have a dream\u201d by Martin Luther King<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1964 |<\/strong> Civil Rights Act \u2013 United States: removed formal barriers to black citizenship, prohibited discrimination and made segregation of people by race, origin and religion illegal<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1965 | <\/strong>Voting Rights Act (United States): put an end to discriminatory electoral practices by suspending literacy tests for blacks in southern states<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1965 |<\/strong> Executive Order 11,246 Against Discrimination at Work (United States): Institutions with a government contract had to implement an affirmative action program to ensure that the persons employed were treated equally and without discrimination<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1965 |<\/strong> 1st UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, one of the main international treaties in the field of Human Rights, reaffirmed the false scientific\u00a0criteria\u00a0of racial superiority doctrines, condemning them and indicating the criminalization of organizations and advertisements with that purpose. It also dealt with the construction of mechanisms for implementing affirmative action policies.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1965 |<\/strong> Interracial Relations Act (UK): prohibition of discrimination based on race or color and criminal typification of incitement to racial hatred<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1967 | 1967<\/strong> Referendum (Australia): grants citizenship to the entire indigenous population of the country<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1967 |<\/strong> Loving vs. Virginia (United States): Supreme Court rules unconstitutional laws prohibiting interracial marriage<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1968 |<\/strong> Interracial Relations Act (UK): makes it illegal to deny housing, employment or public services for racial reasons<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1968 |<\/strong> Housing Act (United States): prohibits discrimination in the acts of selling, renting or financing real estate<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1960-70 |<\/strong> Peak of the Black Power Movement, which preached racial pride and the creation of public and cultural institutions committed to the self-determination of Afro-descendant people<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1966 |<\/strong> Foundation of the Black Panthers Party, which fought for the rights of the black population and for the self-defense of African-Americans, a political and symbolic reference in the anti-racist struggle and in the assertion of identity of blacks in the diaspora<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1968 |<\/strong> Lei do Boi (Bull Law): first quota law in the country, but for children of landowners, who were accepted in technical schools and universities<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1970s |<\/strong>\u00a0Black Soul Movement is a hit in Brazil<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1974 |<\/strong> Foundation of the Il\u00ea Aiy\u00ea cultural block in Salvador and several movements of black culture and study in Brazil (Cecan, IBEA, IPCN, Federation of Afro-Brazilian Entities of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Week of the Negro in Art and Culture, Cultural Theater Movement Negro, Gran Quilombo Samba School, Brazil-Africa Exchange Society)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1977-78 |<\/strong> Creation of The Unified Black Movement (MNU), which, among many actions, institutes the National Day of Black Consciousness, November 20, in celebration of the memory of Zumbi dos Palmares<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1979 |<\/strong> The item \u201ccolor\u201d is included in the IBGE census due to pressure from scholars and civil society organizations; Foundation of Olodum, a musical group that cultivates the continuity of African sociocultural values in Salvador<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1980s |<\/strong> Brazilian black movement promotes the revaluation of Africa, the peak of the re-Africanization of Candombl\u00e9, rejection of religious syncretism<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1988 |<\/strong> Creation of the Palmares Foundation, a public institution that promotes the appreciation of black culture in Brazil; Promulgation of the Federal Constitution, known as \u201cThe Citizens\u2019 Constitution\u201d, which guaranteed the remaining quilombo communities ownership of the lands occupied by them<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1989 |<\/strong> Ca\u00f3 Law established racism as an unbailable and indefeasible crime in Brazil<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1990s |<\/strong> Afro groups\u2019 music and ax\u00e9 music hits show business and become mainstream<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1991 |<\/strong> Creation of Conen (National Coordination of Black Entities), articulation of the new forces of the black movement<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1992 |<\/strong> First quilombola community recognized in Brazil<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1994 |<\/strong> End of Apartheid in South Africa. Nelson Mandela elected as the country’s first black president<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1995 |<\/strong> Zumbi dos Palmares March and institution of the Interministerial Work Group for the Valorization of the Black Population<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2001 |<\/strong> Durban conference against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance, in which Brazil recognized that it would have to make reparation policies and\u00a0affirmative actions. This started the movement to implement racial quotas in public universities.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2003 |<\/strong> Creation of the Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality Policies of the Presidency of the Republic (SEPPIR) and Law 10.639 that established the teaching of Afro-Brazilian and African culture and history in the official curriculum of the educational network. UERJ (State University of Rio de Janeiro) is the first state university to adopt the system of quotas.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2004 |<\/strong> University of Bras\u00edlia is the first federal public education institution to adopt the system of quotas.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2008 |<\/strong> Barack Obama is elected as the first black president in the United States<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2010 |<\/strong> Approval of the Racial Equality Statute (Law No. 12,288), which provides for the establishment of public policies to correct racial imbalances and fight against discrimination and other forms of ethnic intolerance<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2012 |<\/strong> After a decade of debates, the Brazilian Supreme Court declares\u00a0the quota policy to be constitutional and they become Law (No. 12,711)\u00a0infederal\u00a0institutions. The measure determines that every public\u00a0institutionof\u00a0higher education reserve 50% of its places for students from public schools, among which there are percentages for self-declared “black”, “brown” (according to IBGE\u2019s criteria), indigenous and people with disabilities.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2013 |<\/strong> Beginning of the Black Lives Matter Movement<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2014 |<\/strong> Law No. 12,990 reserves 20% of places to black people in public tenders<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2015 |<\/strong> International March Against Genocide of the Black People<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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