Tendências evolutivas da dinâmica tática em futebol de alto rendimento: estudo da fase ofensiva nos Campeonatos da Europa e do Mundo, entre 1982 e 2010
Tese de Daniel Bruno Vieira de Andrade Barreira apresentada com vista à obtenção do grau de Doutor no âmbito do Programa Doutoral em Ciências do Desporto, organizado pelo Centro de Investigação, Formação, Inovação e Intervenção em Desporto (CIFI2D), da Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, nos termos do Decreto – Lei n.º 74/2006 de 24 de Março, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Júlio Manuel Garganta da Silva e co-orientação da Prof. Dr. Maria Teresa Anguera Argilaga.
Sumário
Capítulo I p. 1
Introdução p. 3
Capítulo II p. 19
Estrutura da tese p. 21
Objetivos p. 23
Lista de estudos p. 25
Capítulo III p. 27
Estudo I - Avaliação da performance em jogos desportivos coletivos: futebol p. 29
Estudo II - Desenvolvimento e validação de um sistema de observação aplicado à fase ofensiva em Futebol: SoccerEye p. 111
Estudo III - SoccerEye: a software solution to observe and record behaviours in sport settings p. 149
Estudo IV - Ball recovery patterns as a performance indicator in elite soccer p. 173
Estudo V - Effects of ball recovery in top-level Soccer attacking patterns of play p. 205
Estudo VI - Do attacking game patterns differ between first and second halves of soccer matches in the 2010 FIFA World Cup? p. 227
Estudo VII - How elite-level soccer dynamics has evolved over the last three decades: Input from generalizability theory p. 241
Estudo VIII - Evolución del ataque en el fútbol de élite entre 1982 y 2010: aplicación del análisis secuencial de retardos p. 267
Capítulo IV p. 291
Discussão p. 293
Capítulo V p. 313
Conclusões p. 315
Capítulo VI p. 319
Referências p. 321
Anexos p. 333
Textos
ABSTRACT - This dissertation examines the evolution of playing tactical patterns in elite-soccer. Behavioural, structural and interactional attacking patterns of play performed by the national teams that reached the semi-finals and finals of UEFA European and FIFA World Championships, between 1982 and 2010 were investigated, taking into account situational variables, such as “game period”, “match status” and “competition stage”. An organizational model of soccer was developed in order to frame a tool named SoccerEye, used along the study. The configuration of this system attends to the observational indicators elected for the study and the theoretical references regarding the framework of observational methodology (study I), and has been validated by the consensus (≥ 75%) of eight soccer experts (study II). An updated version of SoccerEye (version 3.2, March, 2013) was carried out to observe and to record tactical behaviours with adequate reliability and validity according to the observational instrument and syntax of the statistical analysis software SDIS-GSEQ (study III). Five studies were held with the support of the observational methodology and statistical procedures, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests, binomial and multinomial logistic regression, lag sequential analysis and generalizability theory. During FIFA World Cup 2010, successful teams tended to start the attack in the central mid-defensive zone, with a smaller amount of ball recoveries in lateral defensive and offensive zones (p≤0.05). Direct ball recovery was the most frequent (77.3%), inducing more goal attempts (p≤0.05). Still in the FIFA World Cup 2010, quantitative attacking patterns of play performed by the semi-finalists during the 1st and 2nd halves of the match were similar. Nevertheless, the use of sequential analysis showed significant differences (z≥1.96), evidencing that this statistical procedure probably improves the knowledge about tactical performance in soccer. From 1982 to 2010 the passing rate increased compared with the dribble or running with the ball actions, probably due to the numerical disadvantage in the centre of the game. Moreover, lateral wings were the most used pitch zones to perform the attack during 2002-2010, inducing the increasing of throw-ins (p≤0.05). Concerning to the attacking patterns of play that induced shots, during the last decade we noticed an increase of behaviours occurred during defence/attack transition-state. The tactical differences between attacks finished with a goal and those ended with shot on target but not scored, should be assigned to the particular configurations of direct opposition between the attacker(s) and the opponent goalkeeper. The knowledge about the progress of attacking tactical dynamics of play between 1982 and 2010 can be used to forecast evolutionary trends. Furthermore it should benefit the development of adequate training methodologies and better understanding of novel match analysis technologies.



